The Overlooked Link Between Strength Training and Brain Performance

The Overlooked Link Between Strength Training and Brain Performance

 

If you’re someone who pays attention to how you think, not just how you look, you’ve probably already come across the usual advice.

 

Sleep matters. Nutrition matters. Stress management matters.

 

All true.

 

But there’s one variable that is consistently underestimated, even among people who are otherwise highly informed:

 

Strength training.

 

Not as a general health tool. Not as something you “should probably do.”

 

But as a direct contributor to how your brain performs, both now and over time.

 

The Brain Is Not Separate From the Body

 

It’s easy to think of cognitive performance as something that exists independently of physical health.

 

Focus, memory, decision-making, processing speed. These feel like mental domains.

 

But physiologically, they’re deeply connected.

 

The brain relies on:

 

·       Blood flow

·       Oxygen delivery

·       Glucose regulation

·       Neurochemical signalling

 

All of which are influenced by physical activity.

 

A large meta-analysis published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews found that regular exercise significantly improves executive function, attention, and processing speed across a wide range of populations (Mandolesi et al. 2018).

 

This isn’t a marginal effect.

 

It’s measurable, repeatable, and increasingly well understood.

 

Strength Training vs “General Exercise”

 

When people think about exercise and brain health, they often default to cardio.

 

Running. Walking. Cycling.

 

And while aerobic exercise does play a role, strength training appears to offer distinct and, in some cases, additional benefits.

 

A systematic review published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine found that resistance training is associated with improvements in cognitive function, particularly in areas related to executive control and working memory (Liu-Ambrose et al. 2010).

 

More recent research has reinforced this, showing that strength training can improve both cognitive performance and functional brain plasticity in adults across different age groups (Northey et al. 2018).

 

This is where the conversation around exercise for cognitive function becomes more specific.

 

Not all exercise produces the same neurological response.

 

What’s Actually Happening in the Brain

 

This is where things become more interesting.

 

Strength training doesn’t just “improve health.” It changes the brain at a biological level.

 

One of the key mechanisms involved is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF).

 

BDNF is a protein that supports:

 

·       Neuroplasticity (the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganise)

·       Learning and memory

·       The survival of existing neurons

 

Exercise, including resistance training, has been shown to increase BDNF levels, creating an environment that supports cognitive function and long-term brain health (Phillips 2017).

 

There are also effects on:

 

·       Insulin sensitivity (which impacts brain energy metabolism)

·       Inflammation (linked to cognitive decline)

·       Vascular health (affecting blood flow to the brain)

 

 

Taken together, these changes create a more resilient and efficient system.

 

Cognitive Performance in the Short Term

 

The long-term benefits are compelling, but the short-term effects are just as relevant.

 

Even a single session of resistance training has been shown to improve attention and executive function immediately afterwards (Chang et al. 2012).

 

This is something many people notice intuitively.

 

After training, thinking feels clearer. Decisions feel easier. There’s a sense of mental sharpness that wasn’t there before.

 

It’s not just psychological.

 

It’s physiological.

 

The Ageing Brain and Long-Term Protection

 

Beyond day-to-day performance, strength training plays a role in protecting the brain over time.

 

Cognitive decline is not inevitable, but risk increases with age.

 

Research published in The Lancet highlights that lifestyle factors, including physical activity, are among the most significant modifiable contributors to dementia risk (Livingston et al. 2020).

 

Resistance training, in particular, has been shown to:

 

·       Slow cognitive decline

·       Improve memory in older adults

·       Support brain structure and function

 

A randomised controlled trial by Liu-Ambrose et al. (2010) found that strength training performed twice per week significantly improved executive function in older women over a 12-month period.

 

This is where strength training for brain health becomes less of a theory and more of a practical intervention.

 

Why This Is Critical for High-Performing Individuals

 

If your work relies on thinking clearly, processing information quickly, and maintaining focus across long periods, these effects are not abstract.

 

They are directly relevant.

 

The question is not whether exercise is beneficial.

 

It’s whether your current approach is sufficient to support how you want to perform.

 

For many people, especially those in cognitively demanding roles, there is a mismatch.

 

High mental output.


Low physical input.

 

And over time, that imbalance becomes limiting.

 

The Problem With “Doing Nothing” (Even If Everything Else Is Dialled In)

 

It’s possible to optimise:

 

·       Sleep

·       Nutrition

·       Supplements

 

And still overlook training.

 

But without a physical stimulus, the underlying systems that support cognitive performance are underdeveloped.

 

This is particularly relevant in environments like Hawthorn, where there is a strong focus on education, professional performance, and long-term health.

 

People are informed. They’re engaged. They’re often already investing in various aspects of wellbeing.

 

But strength training is still frequently treated as optional.

 

The evidence suggests otherwise.

 

What Strength Training Actually Needs to Look Like

 

This is where things often become unnecessarily complicated.

 

You don’t need extreme protocols. You don’t need to train every day.

 

What matters is:

 

·       Consistency

·       Progressive overload

·       Appropriate intensity

 

Research indicates that as little as two to three sessions per week of structured resistance training is sufficient to produce meaningful improvements in both physical and cognitive outcomes (ACSM 2009; Grgic et al. 2018).

 

The key word there is structured.

 

Not random workouts. Not occasional sessions.

 

A plan.

 

Where CGPT Fits In

 

For people who are already thinking about optimisation, performance, and long-term health, the challenge is rarely awareness.

 

It’s implementation.

 

How do you actually integrate strength training into your week in a way that is:

 

·       Efficient

·       Progressive

·       Sustainable

 

That’s where CGPT comes in.

 

The focus is on:

 

·       Structured strength training

·       Clear progression

·       Making training fit into a busy, cognitively demanding lifestyle

 

It’s not about extremes. It’s about consistency and direction.

 

A Smarter Way to Approach It

 

If you’re already paying attention to how you think, how you perform, and how you age, this is one of the more important variables to consider.

 

Not as an afterthought. As a foundation.

 

We offer a free intro session at CGPT if you want to understand how this could look in practice.

 

It’s a chance to:

 

·       Talk through your current routine

·       Understand where training fits in

·       See how a structured approach works

 

You can read more about what to expect here:
https://www.chrisgympt.com/what-to-expect-at-your-first-personal-training-session-at-cgpt-and-why-its-different-to-every-other-gym

 

From there, you can decide what makes sense.

 

If you’ve been exploring longevity training in Melbourne, looking into strength training benefits for mental performance, or simply trying to think more clearly and perform better over time, this is a logical next step.

 

Ready to find out more? Email Andrea.

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 2009, Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

 

Chang, YK et al. 2012, Effects of acute exercise on executive function: a study with a Tower of London Task, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology.

 

Grgic, J et al. 2018, Effects of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength, Sports Medicine, vol. 48.

 

Liu-Ambrose, T et al. 2010, Resistance training and executive functions, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

 

Livingston, G et al. 2020, Dementia prevention, intervention, and care, The Lancet.

 

Mandolesi, L et al. 2018, Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

 

Phillips, C 2017, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and physical activity, Neurobiology of Disease.

 

Sitting All Day Is Ruining Your Body. Here’s How to Fix It in 3 Sessions a Week.

March 15, 2026
Sitting All Day Is Ruining Your Body. Here’s How to Fix It in 3 Sessions a Week. If you work in design, marketing, content, or any kind of creative role, your day probably doesn’t look physically demanding. But it is demanding. Just not in a way most people think about. You’re making decisions constantly. Solving problems. Switching between tasks. Managing deadlines. Sitting in front of a screen for hours, often without real breaks, while your brain runs at full capacity. From the outside, it looks calm. From the inside, it’s a different story. And over time, that imbalance starts to show up - not just mentally, but physically. The Hidden Cost of Creative Work Most creative professionals don’t notice the shift straight away. It builds gradually. A bit more tightness through your back. Shoulders that sit slightly forward. Hips that feel stiff when you stand up. Energy that dips earlier in the day than it used to. Nothing dramatic. Just a slow, consistent decline in how your body feels and performs. The problem is, this isn’t just about posture. It’s about capacity. Research from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare shows that adults who spend prolonged periods sitting are at increased risk of musculoskeletal issues, reduced metabolic health, and lower overall physical function (AIHW 2020). And for people working in predominantly sedentary roles, that risk compounds over time. Your Brain Is Doing the Work But Your Body Isn’t Supporting It Creative work is cognitively demanding. You’re expected to think clearly, respond quickly, and stay mentally sharp across long stretches of the day. But the physical side of that equation is often ignored. There’s a growing body of research linking physical activity to cognitive performance. A review published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews found that regular exercise improves executive function, attention, and processing speed - all critical for high-level cognitive work (Mandolesi et al. 2018). In simple terms, your brain works better when your body is trained. But if your day is spent sitting, and your training is inconsistent or non-existent, that support system isn’t there. The Posture Problem Isn’t Just About How You Sit Most people assume the issue is posture. So they try to “sit up straighter,” adjust their desk, or stretch more. Those things can help. But they don’t solve the underlying problem. Because posture is not just about positioning. It’s about strength. If your body doesn’t have the strength to hold you in a better position, no amount of awareness will fix it long term. This is why back pain from sitting is so common. Studies have shown that prolonged sitting is associated with increased lower back pain and reduced spinal stability, particularly when not offset by strength training (Hartvigsen et al. 2018). The body simply isn’t being challenged enough to maintain itself. Why Most “Fixes” Don’t Work At some point, most people try to address it. They might: · Do the occasional yoga class · Stretch between meetings · Go for a walk when they can All of which are useful. But they don’t create lasting change because they don’t address the core issue - which is that your body is underloaded. It’s not being asked to produce force. It’s not being challenged through full ranges of motion. It’s not adapting. And without adaptation, nothing improves. What Actually Changes Your Body If your work demands a high level of mental output, your training needs to support that. Not drain you further. Not add more chaos. Support it. This is where strength training becomes essential. Not as an extreme or overwhelming commitment, but as a consistent, structured input that: · Builds resilience · Improves posture through strength · Supports energy levels · Enhances cognitive performance Research published in the Journal of Sports Science & Medicine shows that resistance training can improve both physical function and mental wellbeing, particularly in individuals with sedentary occupations (O’Connor et al. 2010). This is not about aesthetics, it’s about capability. Why 3 Sessions a Week Is Enough One of the biggest barriers for this group is time, or more accurately, the perception of time. Creative work doesn’t follow a clean schedule. Some days are flexible, others are completely consumed. That’s why the solution needs to be simple. Three structured sessions per week is enough to: · Build strength · Improve posture · Increase energy · Support long-term health As long as those sessions are progressive and well-designed. Research consistently shows that even low-frequency resistance training can produce significant improvements in strength and muscle mass when performed consistently (Grgic et al. 2018). It’s not about doing more. It’s about doing the right things. The Hawthorn / Richmond Reality If you’re working around Hawthorn or Richmond, this probably feels familiar. Working from home some days. Cafes on others. Studio time. Agency time. Long hours at a laptop, often in the same position for most of the day. There’s a lot of flexibility in how you work. But very little structure in how you move. And over time, that lack of structure shows up physically. Not dramatically. Just consistently. Where CGPT Fits In This is exactly the kind of environment CGPT is built for. Not high-intensity chaos. Not random workouts. Just structured, progressive strength training that fits around how you actually work. The focus is on: · Building strength that supports your body · Improving posture through capacity, not awareness · Creating a routine that is realistic and repeatable It’s not about turning your life upside down, it’s about adding something that makes everything else feel easier. For a lot of clients, the biggest shift isn’t just physical, it’s how they feel across the day: Clearer. More energised. Less fatigued. A Smarter Way to Start If you’ve been feeling the effects of sitting all day - whether that’s tightness, fatigue, or just a sense that your body isn’t keeping up with your work - you don’t need a complete overhaul. You just need to introduce the right stimulus. We offer a free intro session at CGPT , where we: Look at how you’re currently moving Understand your work setup and routine Show you how to structure training in a way that actually works It’s simple, low-pressure, and designed to give you clarity. You can read more about what to expect here: https://www.chrisgympt.com/what-to-expect-at-your-first-personal-training-session-at-cgpt-and-why-its-different-to-every-other-gym From there, you can decide what makes sense. If you’ve been searching for strength training for desk workers, a gym for office workers in Melbourne, or trying to figure out how to fix back pain from sitting, this is where the solution becomes much clearer. Not more movement. Better training. Ready to find out more? Email Andrea. REFERENCES: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2020, Physical activity and sedentary behaviour, AIHW, Canberra. Grgic, J, Schoenfeld, BJ, Orazem, J & Sabol, F 2018, Effects of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength, Sports Medicine, vol. 48. Hartvigsen, J et al. 2018, What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention, The Lancet. Mandolesi, L et al. 2018, Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. O’Connor, PJ et al. 2010, Resistance training and mental health, Journal of Sports Science & Medicine.

Why Real Estate Agents Struggle to Stay Fit

March 10, 2026
Why Real Estate Agents Struggle to Stay Fit If you work in real estate, your schedule doesn’t look like anyone else’s. Early starts. Late finishes. Weekends that aren’t really weekends. Constant movement between listings, appraisals, client meetings, and auctions. You’re on your feet, in front of people, managing pressure, managing perception, and expected to be “on” all the time. From the outside, it looks active. But from a training perspective, it’s anything but structured. And that’s where things start to break down. Because staying fit in real estate isn’t about motivation. It’s about managing a lifestyle that doesn’t easily accommodate consistency. The Reality of the Hawthorn Real Estate Lifestyle If you’re working across Hawthorn, Camberwell or Kew, you’re operating in one of the most competitive real estate corridors in Australia. Saturday auctions. Mid-week inspections. High-value clients. Constant visibility. There’s a certain standard that comes with that environment. You’re not just selling property. You’re representing a level of professionalism, energy and presence that people notice. And whether it’s spoken or not, how you present physically plays a role in that. Not in a superficial way. In a confidence-driven way. Posture. Energy. Sharpness. The way you carry yourself across a long day. Why Staying Fit Becomes So Difficult On paper, real estate professionals should have no problem staying fit. You’re active. You’re moving. You’re not sitting at a desk all day. But activity is not the same as training. And this is where the gap sits. The biggest challenges tend to be: · Inconsistent schedules that change week to week · Long days that leave little room for structured sessions · Mental fatigue from constant client interaction · Weekends that remove the traditional “free time” most people rely on Over time, this creates a pattern. You train when you can. You stop when things get busy. You start again when things settle down. And the cycle repeats. The Pressure to “Look the Part” This is the part most people won’t say out loud, but it’s always there. Real estate is an image-driven industry. Clients are making high-value decisions. They’re paying attention to detail. They’re assessing trust, credibility and professionalism constantly. And rightly or wrongly, physical presence plays into that. Looking fit isn’t about aesthetics for the sake of it. It’s about: · Confidence · Energy · Authority · Consistency It’s about showing up in a way that reflects the level you operate at. But maintaining that without a system is where most people struggle. Why Most Fitness Approaches Don’t Work When time is limited, people default to what feels efficient. Quick classes. High-intensity sessions. Something they can squeeze in between appointments. And while that can feel productive, it rarely holds up long term. The issue isn’t effort. It’s structure. Without a clear progression model: · Strength doesn’t build · Body composition doesn’t change · Results don’t compound Research consistently shows that structured resistance training leads to significantly greater improvements in strength, lean muscle mass, and long-term metabolic health compared to unstructured or inconsistent training (Kraemer & Ratamess 2004). In other words, it’s not about how often you train. It’s about how your training is designed. Time Isn’t the Problem, Structure Is One of the biggest misconceptions in this space is that you need more time. You don’t. You need a system that works within the time you already have. Studies on time-efficient training show that even 2–3 structured resistance sessions per week can produce significant improvements in strength and body composition, provided the program is progressive and consistent (Grgic et al. 2018). That’s where most people go wrong. They try to fit training around their schedule, instead of building a structure that works with it. What Actually Works for Real Estate Professionals The approach that works isn’t complicated. But it is specific. It needs to be: · Structured · Efficient · Progressive · Repeatable That usually looks like: A consistent weekly framework Not something that changes every week, but a plan that fits around your known commitments. Strength-focused sessions Prioritising resistance training over random high-intensity workouts. Measurable progression Tracking strength, improving over time, building something tangible. Realistic expectations Understanding that consistency beats intensity, especially in a demanding schedule. This is what allows results to build, rather than reset every few weeks. How High-Performing Professionals Approach Training There’s a noticeable shift when you look at people who train consistently at a high level, regardless of how busy they are. They don’t rely on motivation. They rely on systems. Training becomes: · Scheduled, not optional · Structured, not random · Progressive, not repetitive It fits into their week the same way meetings and appointments do. And over time, that consistency compounds. Where CGPT Fits In This is exactly where CGPT works best. We work with a lot of professionals who don’t have time to waste on guesswork, inconsistency or ineffective training. The focus is simple: · Build strength · Create structure · Make training fit your schedule Sessions are efficient, targeted, and designed to move you forward. There’s no need to spend hours in the gym. No need to rely on constantly changing workouts. Just a clear plan, executed consistently. For many clients, that’s the difference between constantly starting over and finally seeing results. A Smarter Next Step If you’re working in real estate and struggling to stay consistent with training, it’s not a reflection of your discipline. It’s a reflection of your environment. And once you understand that, the solution becomes much clearer. You don’t need more time. You need a better system. We offer a free intro session at CGPT , where we: Talk through your schedule Understand what’s been working and what hasn’t Show you how to structure your training properly It’s straightforward, low-pressure, and designed to give you clarity. You can read more about what to expect here: https://www.chrisgympt.com/what-to-expect-at-your-first-personal-training-session-at-cgpt-and-why-its-different-to-every-other-gym From there, you can decide what makes sense. If you’ve been searching for personal training for busy professionals in Melbourne, or looking for a gym for real estate agents that actually works with your schedule, this is usually the point where things start to shift. And once the structure is in place, the results tend to follow. Ready to find out more? Email Andrea REFERENCES Grgic, J, Schoenfeld, BJ, Orazem, J & Sabol, F 2018, Effects of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sports Medicine, vol. 48. Kraemer, WJ & Ratamess, NA 2004, Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 16, no. 4.

Why You’re Not Getting Results From F45 Even If You Go Every Day

March 5, 2026
Why You’re Not Getting Results From F45 Even If You Go Every Day There’s a certain type of person who ends up at F45, Barry’s Bootcamp or Orangetheory. They’re consistent. Disciplined. Willing to work hard. They don’t need motivation. They already have it. They like structure, they like intensity, and they like walking out of a session feeling like they’ve done something worthwhile. And for a while, that approach works. Fitness improves, energy lifts, and there’s a sense of momentum that feels encouraging. But over time, something changes. You’re still going regularly. Still pushing yourself. Still sweating through every session. But your body isn’t changing in the way you expected. Strength plateaus. Body composition stalls. The results that once felt inevitable start to feel just out of reach. If you’ve found yourself questioning why, you’re not alone. And more importantly, you’re not doing anything wrong. The Problem Isn’t Effort, It’s Direction Most people assume they need to do more. More sessions. More intensity. More effort. But research consistently shows that effort alone is not what drives physical change. Adaptation - the body’s ability to respond to training - depends on how that effort is structured over time, not just how hard each session feels. There’s a clear distinction between: · Exercising frequently · Training progressively Group training environments are very effective at the first. They are far less reliable at delivering the second. Why HIIT Stops Working for Fat Loss and Strength High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become one of the most popular training methods globally, largely because it is time-efficient and engaging. It does improve cardiovascular fitness, and studies have shown it can be effective for general health (Weston, Wisløff & Coombes 2014). However, when HIIT becomes the primary or only form of training, its limitations become more apparent. Most sessions are built around: · Elevated heart rate · Repeated short bursts of effort · Constant movement with minimal rest What’s often missing is structured progression. A systematic review published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine found that while HIIT can improve aerobic capacity, it is significantly less effective than resistance training for increasing lean muscle mass and strength (Grgic et al. 2019). This is important because muscle mass plays a critical role in metabolism, body composition, and long-term weight management. In other words, you can be working extremely hard, but without the right stimulus, your body has no reason to change. Sweat Feels Like Progress, But It Isn’t One of the most persistent misconceptions in fitness is that intensity equals results. You can leave a session exhausted, drenched in sweat, completely spent - and still not be progressing. Because sweat is a response. Progress is an adaptation. And adaptation requires progressive overload - the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during training. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) identifies progressive overload as a fundamental principle for improving strength and body composition (ACSM 2009). Without it, the body simply maintains its current state. This is where many group-based programs fall short. The intensity is there, but the progression is not. Why Group Training Hits a Plateau At the beginning, almost any form of training works. Your body is exposed to something new, and it responds quickly. But over time, that response slows. In a group training model: · Workouts vary daily · Exercises change frequently · Load is rarely tracked or progressed systematically This lack of consistency makes it difficult to build strength in a meaningful way. Research published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research highlights that structured resistance training programs with consistent progression lead to significantly greater improvements in strength and muscle mass compared to non-periodised or randomised training approaches (Kraemer & Ratamess 2004). Add to that the absence of individualisation, and the limitations become more obvious. Everyone is following the same session, regardless of their goals, injury history, or training experience. That works well for engagement. It doesn’t work as well for results. Strength Is the Missing Piece If the goal is to: · Improve body composition · Build lean muscle · Increase strength · Support long-term health Then resistance training is not optional. It’s essential. The Australian Government’s physical activity guidelines recommend muscle-strengthening activities at least two days per week, specifically because of their role in improving metabolic health, bone density, and overall physical function (Department of Health and Aged Care 2021). Strength training provides: · Progressive overload · Measurable progression · Increased muscle mass · Improved insulin sensitivity These are the factors that drive visible, lasting change. HIIT alone does not provide this. F45 vs Personal Training: What Actually Changes The difference between group training and personal training is not simply the environment. It’s the intent behind the training. In a group setting, the goal is to deliver a session that works for as many people as possible. In a personalised setting, the goal is to create a program that works specifically for you. That introduces: · Structured progression · Load tracking · Movement-specific coaching · Individualised programming Instead of repeating effort, you’re building capacity. Instead of chasing fatigue, you’re developing strength. This is where the comparison between F45 and personal training becomes meaningful. Not in terms of difficulty, but in terms of outcome. Where CGPT Fits In Most people who come to CGPT are not lacking motivation or discipline. They’ve already proven they can commit to training. What they haven’t had is a system that allows them to progress. At CGPT, the focus is on: · Personalised strength training · Progressive programming · Building strength safely and consistently There’s less emphasis on intensity for the sake of it, and more emphasis on doing the right things over time. For many clients, this is the point where results start to become noticeable again. Not because they’re working harder, but because their training finally has direction. A Smarter Next Step If you’re currently training in a group environment and enjoying it, there’s no reason to stop. But if you’re not seeing results, it’s worth asking whether your current approach is actually giving your body a reason to change. In many cases, the answer becomes clear once you experience something more structured. That’s why we offer a free intro session at CGPT. It’s an opportunity to: · Understand why your progress has stalled · See how a structured strength program works · Get clarity on what your next step should be You can read more about what to expect here: https://www.chrisgympt.com/what-to-expect-at-your-first-personal-training-session-at-cgpt-and-why-its-different-to-every-other-gym From there, you can decide what makes sense for you. If you’ve been searching for alternatives to F45 in Melbourne, comparing personal training vs group fitness, or trying to understand why your results have plateaued, this is usually where things start to shift. Ready to find out more? Email Andrea. REFERENCES: American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 2009, Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 687–708. Department of Health and Aged Care 2021, Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines, Australian Government, Canberra. Grgic, J, Schoenfeld, BJ, Skrepnik, M, Davies, TB & Mikulic, P 2019, Effects of resistance training on muscle size and strength in very elderly adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 53, no. 14. Kraemer, WJ & Ratamess, NA 2004, Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 16, no. 4. Weston, KS, Wisløff, U & Coombes, JS 2014, High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 48, no. 16.